Definition: –
Encephalitis is defined as inflammation of the brain tissue. It means encephalitis is different from meningitis, which is defined as inflammation of the layers of tissue.

Causes: –
Encephalitis is most often caused by a viral infection. Exposure to viruses can occur through:
• Breathing in respiratory droplets from an infected person
• Contaminated food or drink
• Mosquito, tick, and other insect bites
• Skin contact
Routine vaccination has greatly reduced encephalitis due to some viruses, including – Measles, Mumps, Polio, Rabies, Rubella, Varicella (chickenpox)

Symptoms: –
Some people may have symptoms of a cold or stomach infection before encephalitis symptoms begin.
When this infection is not very severe, the symptoms may be similar to those of other illnesses:
• Fever that is not very high
• Mild headache
• Low energy and a poor appetite
Other symptoms include:
• Clumsiness, unsteady gait
• Confusion, disorientation
• Drowsiness
• Irritability or poor temper control
• Light sensitivity
• Stiff neck and back (sometimes)
• Vomiting
Investigations: –
• Brain MRI
• CT scan of the head
• Culture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, or urine (however, this test is rarely useful)
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Lumbar puncture and CSF examination
• Tests that detect antibodies to a virus (serology tests)
• Test that detects tiny amounts of virus DNA (polymerase chain reaction — PCR)
Treatment: –
The goals of treatment are to provide supportive care to help the body fight the infection, and to relieve symptoms.
Medications
• Antiviral medicines, if a virus caused the infection
• Antibiotics, if bacteria is the cause
• Anticonvulsive medicines to prevent seizures
• Steroids to reduce brain swelling
• Sedatives for touchiness or restlessness
Prevention: –
Children and adults should avoid contact with anyone who has encephalitis.
Scheming mosquitoes may reduce the chance of some infections that can lead to encephalitis.
• Apply an insect repellant contain the chemical, DEET when you go outside (but do not use DEET products on infants younger than 2 months).
• Take away any sources of standing water (such as old tires, cans, gutters, and wading pools).
• Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants when outside, particularly at dusk.

DEFINITION:
It is an inflammation of lining of brain and spinal cord by bacteria or virus and less commonly certain drugs.
CLASSIFICATION:
1. Bacterial Meningitis
2. Viral Meningitis
3. Fungal Meningitis
4. Non-infectious Meniningitis

CAUSES:
– Winter and spring season
– Tobacco use
– Upper respiratory infection
– Immune system deficiency
– Oititis media
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:
Symptoms
Viral meningitis occurs more often than bacterial meningitis, and is milder. It usually occurs in the late summer and early fall. It most often affects children and adults under age 30.
Bacterial meningitis is an emergency. You will need immediate treatment in a hospital. Symptoms usually come on quickly, and may include:
• Fever and chills, especially in newborns and children
• Mental status changes
• Nausea and vomiting
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
• Severe headache
• Stiff neck
Other symptoms that can occur with this disease:
• Agitation
• Bulging fontanel’s in babies
• Decreased alertness
• Poor feeding or irritability in children
• Rapid breathing
• Unusual posture, with the head and neck arched backwards
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:
1. Blood culture
2. MRI
3. CT-scan
4. CSF examination
– Cell count
– Glucose level
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
1. Antibiotics
Cephalosporin in combination with vancomycin.
2. Anticonvulscent
3. Corticosteroids
NURSING MANAGEMENT:
 Neurological status and vital signs assessed regularly.
 Taking blood pressure alternately
 Monitoring daily body weight , serum alkaline and urine volume specially if syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretics hormone
 Prevent complicated associated with immobility such as pressure and bed sore.
Prevention
Certain vaccines can help prevent some types of bacterial meningitis:
• Hemophilic vaccine given to children helps
• Pneumococcal vaccine is given to children and adults
• Meningococcal vaccines are given to children and adults; some communities hold vaccination campaigns after an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis.
Household members and others in close contact with people who have meningococcal meningitis should receive antibiotics to prevent becoming infected.

Definition:-
“Hyper emesis gravid arum is excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. This pernicious vomiting is differentiated from the more common and normal morning sickness by the fact that it is of greater intensity and extends beyond the first semester.”
Causes:-
• High levels of HCG or undue sensitivity to normal levels of HCG may cause vomiting.
• Psychological factors- Women with a previous history of hyper emesis are likely to experience it in subsequent pregnancies.
• An allergic factor- It may also be operative, since large amounts of histamine are found in cases of hyper emesis.
Sign and Symptoms:-
• Pernicious vomiting.
• Poor appetite and poor nutritional intake.
• Loss of more than 25 percent of body weight.
• Acidosis due to starvation.
• Low urine output.
• Rapid pulse and low blood pressure.
• Hem concentration with rising blood urea nitrogen and falling sodium, potassium and chloride.
Complication:-.
• Debilitating, chronic nausea
• frequent vomiting of bile or blood
• Chronic ketosis and dehydration
• Muscle weakness and extreme fatigue
• Medication does not stop vomiting/nausea
• Inability to care for self (shower, prepare food)
• Loss of over 5-10% of your pre-pregnancy weight
• Weight loss (or little gain) after the first trimester

MANAGEMENT-
In some cases hyper emesis gravid arum is so severe that hospitalization may be required.
Hospital treatment may include some or all of the following:
• Intravenous fluids (IV) – to restore hydration, electrolytes, vitamins, and nutrients
• Tube feeding:
o Nasogastric – restores nutrients through a tube passing through the nose and to the stomach
o Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy – restores nutrients through a tube passing through the
Abdomen and to the stomach; requires a surgical procedure
• Medications – metoclopramide, antihistamines, and ant reflux medications.
Other treatments may include:
• Bed Rest –This may provide comfort, but be cautious and aware of the effects of muscle and weight loss due to too much bed rest.
• Acupressure
• Herbs – ginger or peppermint
• Homeopathic remedies are a non-toxic system of medicines. Do not try to self medicate with homeopathic methods; have a doctor prescribe the proper remedy and dose.
• Hypnosis

Definition:– A hospital for the care and treatment of patients affected with acute or chronic mental illness, Also called mental hospital.
Types of admission: Under the Mental Health and Welfare Law, there are various types of admission to hospital: voluntary admission; admission for medical care and protection; emergency admission; involuntary admission and emergency involuntary admission.

Voluntary admission: The patient is admitted of his or her own volition after a doctor at this hospital has decided that inpatient treatment is necessary. However, discharge within 72 hours can be restricted at the discretion of a designated mental health doctor.

Admission for medical care and protection: The patient is admitted even without their consent if a designated doctor regards their admission as necessary and the patient’s guardian consents. The following persons are classified as guardians under the Mental Health and Welfare Law.
1. If the patient has a legal guardian: the legal guardian
2. If the patient is a minor: the parents
3. If the patient has a spouse: the spouse
4. In the absence of any of the above: A guardian appointed by the family court who is aged 20 years or more and is the patient’s parent, child, sibling, grandparent, grandchild, or other relative (person with a duty to support the patient)
5. In the absence of 4. above: The mayor of the municipality where the patient resides

Emergency admission: The patient is admitted for up to 72 hours even without their consent or that of their guardian or person with a duty to support them, if a designated mental health doctor regards emergency admission as necessary

Involuntary admission: The patient is admitted on the authority of the governor if two designated mental health doctors ordered by the governor to examine the patient determine that the patient’s admission is necessary as a result of examination because of a risk of self-harm or hurting others.

Emergency involuntary admission: The patient is admitted for up to 72 hours on the authority of the governor as a result of examination by a single designated mental health doctor if a hospital cannot complete the official procedures for involuntary admission and speed is required.

Description:-
Burns and scalds are damage to the skin caused by heat. Both are treated in the same way.
A burn is caused by dry heat – by an iron or fire, for example. A scald is caused by something wet, such as hot water or steam.
Burns can be very painful and may cause:
• red or peeling skin
• swelling
• white or charred skin
The amount of pain you feel isn’t always related to how serious the burn is. Even a very serious burn may be relatively painless.
Types:-there are 5 types of burns:-
Most burns are minor injuries that occur at home or work. It is common to get a minor burn from hot water, a curling iron, or touching a hot stove. Home treatment is usually all that is needed for healing and to prevent other problems, such as infection.
There are many types of burns.
• Heat burns (thermal burns) are caused by fire, steam, hot objects, or hot liquids. Scald burns from hot liquids are the most common burns to children and older adults.
• Cold temperature burns are caused by exposure conditions.
• Electrical burns are caused by contact with electrical sources or by lightning.
• Chemical burns are caused by contact with household or industrial chemicals in a liquid, solid, or gas form. Natural foods such as which contain a substance irritating to the skin, can cause a burning sensation.
• Radiation burns are caused by the sun, tanning booths, sunlamps, X-rays,
• Friction burns are caused by contact with any hard surface such as roads carpets, or gym floor surfaces. They are usually both a scrape (abrasion) and a heat burn. Athletes who fall on floors, courts, or tracks may get to the skin. Motorcycle or bicycle riders who have road accidents while not wearing protective clothing also may get friction burns.

Home management of burns;-
Here are the top 10 home remedies for minor burns.
• Cold Water. Stop a burn from spreading by running cold water over the burn area for several minutes within seconds of being burned. …
• Raw Potato. …
• Aloe Vera. …
• Coconut Oil and Lemon Juice. …
• Honey. …
• Sterile gauze to cover burns site.

Description:-fats &oils belong to a group of compounds called lipids. they are characterized by greasy feel, insolubility in water &solubility n some organic solvent.
Lipids contain a small proportion of oxygen &a larger proportion of hydrogen &carbon. fats are solid at 20 degree Celsius. They are called oils if they are liquid at that temperature.
Fatty acids: – A fatty acid is a long hydrocarbon chain capped by a carboxyl group (COOH). There are many common fatty acids that you hear about, four of which are shown below along with acetic acid for comparison:
The COOH cap is what makes these molecules acids. You are probably familiar with acetic acid because this is the acid found in vinegar. You can see that the fatty acids are like acetic acid, but they have much longer carbon chains.

Functions of fats: – there are many functions of fats which are following:-Fatty acids have many functions in the body, and play a role in:
• oxygen transport throughout the body
• providing energy (when glucose, a form of sugar, is not available)
• development of strong tissues and organs
• brain functioning
• lowering cholesterol and reducing risk of heart disease
• healthy looking skin
• immune system health
• Fatty acids, in particular essential fatty acids (EFAs) — alpha-linolenic (omega-3) and linoleum acid (omega-6) — are intimately related to managing inflammation in the body. Fatty acids provide the building blocks for your body to make prostaglandins, agents that increase and decrease inflammation in the body. In a nutshell, saturated fats create the prostaglandins that increase inflammation and omega-6 and omega-3 create the prostaglandins that decrease inflammation. Both inflammation and anti-inflammation are important functions in our bodies, because they are the agents of healing. But as important as it is to be able to inflame (bring healing agents to a site of damage in your body), it is just as important to then be able to anti-inflame, removing those healing agents when they’ve done their job. We need to have a balance of both.